IoT is an architectural skeleton which enables integration and data exchange between physical world and computer systems over existing network infrastructure. Billions of devices are expected to be connected wirelessly by 2020. The first fundamental component that make internet of things a reality is Hardware which makes physical objects responsive giving them capability to retrieve data and perform accordingly. Secondly, software which enables data collection, retention, processing and control. Lastly, communication framework which consists of protocols and technologies which enables two physical objects to exchange data.
One important factor affecting the power efficiency of IoT devices is the architecture. While 32bit microcontrollers have the advantage of being more compatible to large number of open-source software still they have high power consumption. Atmel, Texas Instruments, Freescale, and STMicroelectronics are offering such microcontrollers that make application building very fast. However the 8-bit AVR platform from Atmel still makes it obvious that there is scope of improvement in existing architectures.
• Smart Communication: Smart communication protocols like ZigBee help in exchange of data between devices with less power consumption.
• ZigBee: A low power consuming IEEE 802.15.4(2003) standard based specification, ZigBee is a brain child of 16 automation companies. ZigBee based IoT nodes can connect to master controller making use of in-between nodes to generate the data.
• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Nokia originally introduced this protocol as Wibree in 2006. Also known as Bluetooth Smart which provides the same spectrum broadcasting with much reduced power loss as the original Bluetooth. It has similar bandwidth with narrow spacing as used by ZigBee. Low power latency and lower complexity makes BLE more suitable to incorporate into low cost microcontrollers.
In coming future, we can expect vehicles with rising amount of autonomous capabilities to navigate roads and highways, and interact with each other, their owners and the IoT. Intelligent cars and smartgrids are just the beginning of a dynamic ecosystem, where devices, systems and platforms will become networked.
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